Convoys and Fleets in the Dutch Republic in the Second Phase of the Eighty Years' War, 1621-1648
Resumen
In April 1621 the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg Crown whose domains encompassed Spain, Portugal and the Southern Netherlands as well as extensive holdings in Italy, Asia and the Americas again went to war. In its renewal of hostilities Spain targeted the Dutch Republic and its seaborne trade especially. A fleet of Royal warships and privateers based in the Southern Netherlands targeted Dutch commerce and fisheries in home waters. While the Republic was on the defensive in Europe, its chartered companies sent out fleets to Asia and the Americas which targeted important Iberian trade links and sources of royal revenue. This article studies the organization and financing of fleets and convoys in the Dutch Republic in the second phase of the Eighty Years War (1621-1648), arguing that although there was no formal overarching strategy pursued, Dutch responses to commerce-raiding and in pursuit of overseas prizes fit within a clear framework. Although financing the defense of commerce was never easy, the organizational and fiscal divisions within the overall Dutch naval structure meant that pressure in home waters never resulted in reducing the Dutch offensive overseas.
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